Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 1
An Introduction to the Human Body

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

1. define the terms anatomy and physiology.
2. define the following levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organism.
3. identify the 11 systems of the human body, list representative organs of each system, and describe the major functions of each system.
4. identify the basic life processes of the human body.
5. define the term homeostasis, and explain the effects of stress on homeostasis.
6. describe the components of a feedback system.
7. compare the operation of negative and positive feedback systems.
8. explain the relationship between homeostasis and disease.
9. describe the anatomical position, and compare common and anatomical terms used to describe various regions of the human body.
10. define the terms describing directions and anatomical planes used in association with the human body.
11. list, by name and location, the principal body cavities and the organs contained within them.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

1. Define the terms anatomy and physiology.
   1. anatomy
   2. dissection
   3. physiology
2. Define the following levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism.
   1. chemical level
      1. atom
      2. molecule
   2. cellular level
      1. cell
   3. tissue level
      1. tissue
   4. organ level
      1. organ
   5. system level
      1. system
   6. organismal level
      1. organism
3. Identify the 11 systems of the human body, list representative organs of each system, and describe the major functions of each system.
   1. systems: integumentary; skeletal; muscular; nervous; endocrine; cardiovascular; lymphatic; respiratory; digestive; urinary; reproductive

   Note: Learn the major components and functions for each system.

4. Define the basic life processes of the human body.
   1. metabolism
      1. catabolism
      2. anabolism
   2. responsiveness
   3. movement
   4. growth
   5. differentiation
      1. stem cells
   6. reproduction
   7. autopsy
      1. necropsy
5. Define the term homeostasis, and explain the effects of stress on homeostasis.
   1. homeostasis
   2. body fluids
      1. intracellular fluid (ICF)
      2. extracellular fluid (ECF)
         1. interstitial fluid = internal environment
         2. blood plasma
         3. lymph
         4. cerebrospinal fluid
         5. synovial fluid
         6. aqueous humor
         7. vitreous body
6. Describe the components of a feedback system.
   1. control of homeostasis; nerve impulses and hormones
   2. feedback system (feedback loop); controlled condition; stimulus
   3. receptor; afferent pathway; input
   4. control center; output; efferent pathway
   5. effector; response
7. Compare the operation of negative and positive feedback systems.
   1. negative feedback systems; baroreceptors
   2. positive feedback systems
8. Explain the relationship between homeostasis and disease.
   1. disorder
   2. disease
   3. symptoms
   4. signs
   5. diagnosis
9. Describe the anatomical position, and compare common and anatomical terms used to describe various regions, of the human body.
   1. anatomical position
      1. prone position
      2. supine position
   2. regional names

   Note: Learn the common names for the major parts of the human body.

10. Define the terms describing directions and anatomical planes used in association with the human body.
    1. directional terms

       Note: Learn all directional terms and their definitions from Exhibit 1.A.

    2. planes
    3. sagittal plane
       1. midsagittal plane (median plane); midline
       2. parasagittal plane
    4. frontal or coronal plane
    5. transverse plane (cross-sectional, horizontal)
    6. oblique plane
    7. section (midsagittal, frontal, transverse)
11. List, by name and location, the principal body cavities and the organs contained within them.
    1. body cavities
    2. cranial cavity
    3. vertebral (spinal) canal
       1. meninges
    4. thoracic cavity
       1. pericardial cavity
       2. pleural cavity
       3. mediastinum
       4. diaphragm
    5. abdominopelvic cavity
       1. abdominal cavity
       2. pelvic cavity
       3. viscera

    Note: Skip “Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes” and “Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants.”

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

Use the “Practice Questions” and the various “Interactivity” tools found in each eText chapter in WileyPLUS. Working through these activities will test your understanding of the material presented and ensure your notes are complete.