Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 21
The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

  1. compare the structure and function of the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.
  2. identify, in order, the vessels through which the blood moves in its passage from the heart to the capillaries and back.
  3. discuss the various pressures involved in the movement of fluids between capillaries and interstitial spaces.
  4. explain the factors that regulate the volume of blood flow.
  5. describe how blood pressure is regulated.
  6. define pulse, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure.
  7. describe the four types of shock and their homeostatic responses.
  8. identify the principal arteries and veins, and describe the flow of blood through the systemic, hepatic portal and pulmonary circulations.
  9. describe the disorders listed.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

  1. Compare the structure and function of the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.
    1. hemodynamics
    2. structure and function of blood vessels
      1. tunica interna (intima)
      2. lumen
      3. endothelium
      4. basement membrane
      5. internal elastic lamina
      6. tunica media
      7. vasoconstriction
      8. vasodilation
      9. external elastic lamina
      10. tunica externa
      11. vasa vasorum
      12. compliance
      13. elastic arteries
      14. elastic lamellae
      15. pressure reservoir
      16. muscular arteries
      17. distributing arteries
      18. anastomoses
      19. collateral circulation
      20. end arteries
      21. arterioles
      22. metarteriole
      23. precapillary sphincters
      24. resistance
      25. capillaries
      26. microcirculation
      27. capillary bed
      28. vasomotion
      29. thoroughfare channel
      30. continuous capillary
      31. fenestrated capillary
      32. sinusoid
      33. portal system
      34. venules
      35. postcapillary venules
      36. muscular venules
      37. veins
      38. valves
      39. vascular sinus or venous sinus
      40. anastomotic veins
      41. superficial veins
      42. deep veins
      43. blood reservoirs
      44. venoconstriction
  2. Identify, in order, the vessels through which the blood moves in its passage from the heart to the capillaries and back.
    1. arteries
    2. arterioles
    3. capillaries
    4. venules
    5. veins
  3. Discuss the various pressures involved in the movement of fluids between capillaries and interstitial spaces.
    1. capillary exchange
      1. diffusion
      2. transcytosis
      3. bulk flow
      4. filtration
      5. reabsorption
      6. net filtration pressure (NFP)
      7. Starling law of the capillaries
      8. blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
      9. interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)
      10. edema
      11. blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
      12. interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)
  4. Explain the factors that regulate the volume of blood flow.
    1. hemodynamics: factors affecting blood flow
      1. blood flow
      2. blood pressure
      3. systolic blood pressure
      4. diastolic blood pressure
      5. mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)
      6. vascular resistance
      7. size of lumen
      8. blood viscosity
      9. total blood vessel length
      10. systemic vascular resistance (SVR) or total peripheral resistance (TPR)
      11. venous return
      12. skeletal muscle pump
      13. respiratory pump
      14. velocity of blood flow
      15. circulation time
  5. Describe how blood pressure is regulated.
    1. control of blood pressure and blood flow
      1. cardiovascular (CV) center
        1. proprioceptors
        2. baroreceptors
        3. chemoreceptors
        4. cardiac accelerator nerves
        5. vagus (X) nerves
        6. vasomotor nerves
        7. vasomotor tone
        8. neural regulation of blood pressure
      2. baroreceptor reflexes
        1. carotid sinus reflex
        2. aortic reflex
      3. chemoreceptor reflexes
        1. carotid bodies
        2. aortic bodies
      4. hormonal regulation of blood pressure
        1. renin angiotensin aldosterone (RAA) system
          1. renin
          2. angiotensin II
          3. aldosterone
        2. epinephrine and norepinephrine
        3. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
        4. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
      5. autoregulation of blood pressure
        1. autoregulation
        2. myogenic response
        3. vasodilating and vasoconstricting chemicals
  6. Define pulse, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure.
    1. checking circulation
      1. pulse
      2. tachycardia
      3. bradycardia
      4. measuring blood pressure
      5. blood pressure
      6. sphygmomanometer
      7. systolic blood pressure (SBP)
      8. diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
      9. Korotkoff sounds
      10. pulse pressure
  7. Describe the four types of shock and their homeostatic responses.
    1. shock and homeostasis
      1. types of shock
        1. hypovolemic shock
        2. cardiogenic shock
        3. vascular shock
        4. obstructive shock
      2. hemostatic responses to shock with the feedback systems
      3. signs and symptoms of shock
  8. Identify the principal arteries and veins, and describe the flow of blood through the systemic, hepatic portal and pulmonary circulations.
    1. circulatory routes
      1. systemic circulation
        1. coronary circulation
        2. cerebral circulation
      2. hepatic portal circulation
      3. pulmonary circulation
      4. fetal circulation

    Note: The pathway of blood flow of, and the organs served by, the systemic circulation, hepatic portal circulation and pulmonary circulation are summarized in the flow charts presented below.

  9. Describe the disorders listed.
    1. hypertension

chart showing system circulation

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

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