Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 23
The Respiratory System

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

  1. describe the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the nose, pharynx, larnyx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
  2. describe the events that cause inhalation and exhalation.
  3. explain the differences among tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.
  4. differentiate among inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity and total lung capacity.
  5. explain Dalton’s law and Henry’s law.
  6. describe the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in internal and external respiration.
  7. describe how the blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  8. explain how the nervous system controls breathing.
  9. list the factors that can alter the rate and depth of breathing.
  10. describe the effects of exercise on the respiratory system.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

  1. Describe the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the nose, pharynx, larnyx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
    1. respiratory system anatomy
      1. upper respiratory system
      2. lower respiratory system
      3. conducting zone
      4. respiratory zone
      5. nose
        1. external nares or nostrils
        2. internal nares or choanae
        3. nasal cavity
        4. vestibule
        5. nasal septum
        6. superior, middle and inferior meatuses
        7. olfactory epithelium
      6. pharynx
        1. nasopharynx
        2. soft palate
        3. eustachian tubes
        4. pharyngeal tonsil
        5. oropharynx
        6. fauces
        7. palatine and lingual tonsils
        8. laryngopharynx or hypopharynx
      7. larynx
        1. thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
        2. epiglottis
        3. glottis
        4. cricoid cartilage
        5. arytenoid cartilages
        6. structures of voice production
        7. vestibular folds or false vocal cords
        8. vocal folds or true vocal cords
      8. trachea (windpipe)
      9. bronchus (plural is bronchi)
        1. right and left primary bronchi
        2. carina
        3. secondary bronchi or lobar bronchi
        4. tertiary bronchi or segmental bronchi
        5. bronchioles
        6. terminal bronchioles
        7. bronchial tree
      10. lungs
        1. pleural membrane
        2. parietal pleura
        3. visceral pleura
        4. pleural cavity
        5. base and apex of lung
        6. costal surface
        7. mediastinal surface or medial surface
        8. hilum
        9. root
        10. cardiac notch
        11. fissures
        12. oblique fissure in both lungs
        13. horizontal fissure in right lung
        14. lobes
        15. superior and inferior lobes in both lungs
        16. middle lobe in right lung
        17. bronchopulmonary segments
        18. lobules
        19. respiratory bronchioles
        20. alveolar ducts
        21. alveolus (plural is alveoli)
        22. alveolar sac
        23. type I alveolar cells
        24. type II alveolar cells or septal cells
        25. surfactant
        26. alveolar macrophages or dust cells
        27. respiratory membrane
        28. blood supply to lungs
  2. Describe the events that cause inhalation and exhalation.
    1. respiration
      1. pulmonary ventilation
      2. external (pulmonary) respiration
      3. internal (tissue) respiration
    2. pulmonary ventilation or breathing
      1. inhalation or inspiration
      2. Boyle’s law
      3. intrapleural pressure
      4. alveolar pressure or intrapulmonic pressure
      5. exhalation or expiration
      6. elastic recoil
      7. other factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
        1. surface tension of alveolar fluid
        2. compliance
        3. airway resistance
      8. breathing patterns
        1. eupnea
        2. costal breathing
        3. diaphragmatic breathing
  3. Explain the differences among tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.
    1. lung volumes
      1. tidal volume
      2. minute ventilation
      3. spirometer or respirometer
      4. anatomic (respiratory) dead space
      5. alveolar ventilation rate
      6. inspiratory reserve volume
      7. expiratory reserve volume
      8. residual volume
      9. minimal volume
  4. Differentiate among inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity and total lung capacity.
    1. lung capacities
      1. inspiratory capacity
      2. functional residual capacity
      3. vital capacity
      4. total lung capacity
  5. Explain Dalton’s law and Henry’s law.
    1. exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
      1. Dalton’s law
      2. partial pressure
      3. Henry’s law
      4. decompression sickness
  6. Describe the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in internal and external respiration.
    1. external respiration or pulmonary gas exchange
    2. deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood
    3. internal respiration or systemic gas exchange
  7. Describe how the blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
    1. transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
      1. oxygen transport
      2. oxyhemoglobin
      3. relationship between hemoglobin and oxygen partial pressure
      4. oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve
      5. other factors affecting hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
        1. acidity (Bohr effect); partial pressure of CO2; temperature; BPG
      6. carbon dioxide transport
      7. carbaminohemoglobin (Hb-CO2)
      8. bicarbonate ion (HCO3−)
      9. Haldane effect
      10. summary of gas exchange and transport in lungs and tissues
  8. Explain how the nervous system controls breathing.
    1. control of respiration
      1. respiratory centre
      2. medullary respiratory center
      3. dorsal respiratory group
      4. ventral respiratory group
      5. pontine respiratory group
      6. regulation of the respiratory centre
      7. cortical influences
      8. chemoreceptor regulation
        1. central chemoreceptors
        2. peripheral chemoreceptors
        3. aortic bodies
        4. carotid bodies
        5. hypercapnia
        6. hyperventilation
        7. hypocapnia
      9. proprioceptor stimulation
      10. inflation reflex
        1. baroreceptors or stretch receptors
        2. inflation reflex or Hering Breuer reflex
  9. List the factors that can alter the rate and depth of breathing.
    1. other influences on breathing
    2. apnea
  10. Describe the effects of exercise on the respiratory system.
    1. exercise and the respiratory system
    2. pulmonary perfusion
    3. O2 diffusing capacity
    4. disorders
      1. asthma
      2. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
      3. emphysema
      4. chronic bronchitis
      5. lung cancer
      6. pneumonia
      7. tuberculosis
      8. pulmonary edema
      9. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
      10. severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

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