Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 25
Metabolism and Nutrition

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

1. define the term metabolism, and explain the role of ATP in anabolism and catabolism.
2. describe, briefly, the fate, metabolism and functions of glucose, lipids and proteins.
3. compare metabolism during the absorptive and postabsorptive states.
4. define the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
5. describe the factors that influence body heat production.
6. explain how normal body temperature is maintained by negative feedback loops involving the hypothalamic thermostat.
7. identify the major classes of nutrients, minerals and vitamins in a healthy diet, as well as the consequences of their deficiencies; describe disorders.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

1. Define the term metabolism, and explain the role of ATP in anabolism and catabolism.
   1. metabolism
      1. catabolism
      2. anabolism
      3. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
      4. coupling of catabolism and anabolism by ATP
      5. oxidation
      6. reduction
      7. nicotinamide adenosine dinucleaotide - NAD
      8. phosphorylation:
         1. substrate-level phosphorylation
         2. oxidative phosphorylation
         3. photophosphorylation
2. Describe, briefly, the fate, metabolism and functions of glucose, lipids and proteins.
   1. carbohydrate metabolism
      1. fate of glucose
      2. glucose movement into cells
      3. glucose catabolism – general information about and major inputs and outputs of:
         1. glycolysis
         2. formation of acetyl coenzyme A
         3. Krebs cycle
         4. electron transport chain
      4. glucose anabolism
         1. glycogenesis
         2. glycogenolysis
         3. gluconeogenesis
   2. lipid metabolism
      1. Lipid Transport
         1. lipoproteins
         2. chylomicrons
         3. VLDLs
         4. LDLs
      2. cholesterol (sources and significance)
      3. fate of lipids
      4. triglyceride storage
      5. lipolysis
      6. lipogenesis
   3. protein metabolism
      1. fate of proteins
      2. protein catabolism
      3. protein anabolism
      4. essential amino acids
      5. nonessential amino acids
3. Compare metabolism during the absorptive and postabsorptive states.
   1. metabolic adaptations
      1. absorptive state
      2. absorptive state reactions
      3. postabsorptive state
      4. postabsorptive state reactions
4. Define the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
   1. heat and energy balance
      1. metabolic rate
      2. basal state
      3. basal metabolic rate (BMR)
5. Describe the factors that influence body heat production.
   1. body temperature homeostasis
   2. heat production
   3. mechanisms of heat transfer
      1. conduction
      2. convection
      3. radiation
      4. evaporation
6. Explain how normal body temperature is maintained by negative feedback loops involving the hypothalamic thermostat.
   1. hypothalamic thermostat
   2. thermoregulation
   3. energy homeostasis and regulation of food intake
7. Identify the major classes of nutrients, minerals and vitamins in a healthy diet, as well as the consequences of their deficiencies; describe disorders.
   1. nutrition
      1. nutrients
      2. minerals—general
      3. vitamins—general
         1. provitamins
   2. disorders
      1. fever
      2. obesity

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

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