Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 28
The Reproductive Systems

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

  1. describe the location, structure and functions of the organs of the male reproductive system.
  2. discuss the process of spermatogenesis in the testes.
  3. describe the location, structure and functions of the organs of the female reproductive system.
  4. discuss the process of oogenesis in the ovaries.
  5. compare the principal events of the ovarian and uterine cycles.
  6. explain the differences among the various types of birth control methods and compare their effectiveness.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

  1. Describe the location, structure and functions of the organs of the male reproductive system.
    1. sexual reproduction
    2. gametes
    3. fertilization
    4. gonads
    5. ducts
    6. accessory sex glands
    7. supporting structures
    8. male reproductive system
      1. scrotum
      2. raphe
      3. scrotal septum
      4. dartos muscle
      5. cremaster muscle
      6. testicle or testis (plural is testes)
      7. tunica vaginalis
      8. tunica albuginea
      9. lobules
      10. seminiferous tubules
      11. spermatogenesis
      12. spermatogenic cells
      13. spermatogonium (plural is spermatogonia)
      14. spermatozoon (plural is spermatozoa)
      15. Sertoli cells or sustentacular cells
      16. blood-testis barrier
      17. Leydig cells or interstitial cells
      18. androgen
      19. testosterone
  2. Discuss the process of spermatogenesis in the testes.
    1. spermatogenesis
    2. primary spermatocytes
    3. secondary spermatocytes
    4. spermatids
    5. spermiogenesis
    6. sperm cell or spermatozoon
    7. spermiation
    8. sperm
      1. head
      2. nucleus
      3. acrosome
      4. tail
      5. neck
      6. middle piece
      7. principal piece
    9. hormonal control of the testes
      1. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
      2. luteinizing hormone (LH)
      3. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
      4. testosterone
      5. androgen-binding protein (ABP)
      6. inhibin
    10. reproductive system ducts
      1. ducts of the testis
      2. straight tubules
      3. rete testis
      4. efferent ducts
      5. ductus epididymis
      6. stereocilia
      7. epididymis
      8. sperm maturation
      9. ductus deferens or vas deferens
      10. ampulla
      11. spermatic cord
      12. ejaculatory ducts
      13. urethra
      14. prostatic urethra
      15. membranous urethra
      16. spongy urethra or penile urethra
      17. external urethral orifice
    11. accessory sex glands
      1. seminal vesicles
      2. prostate
      3. bulbourethral glands or Cowper’s glands
      4. semen
      5. seminal fluid
    12. penis
      1. corpora cavernosa penis
      2. corpus spongiosum penis
      3. erectile tissue
      4. glans penis
      5. external urethral orifice
      6. prepuce or foreskin
    13. erection
    14. ejaculation
    15. emission
  3. Describe the location, structure and functions of the organs of the female reproductive system.
    1. female reproductive system
      1. ovaries and their ligaments
      2. histology of the ovary
        1. germinal epithelium
        2. tunica albuginea
        3. ovarian follicles
        4. oocytes
        5. follicular cells
        6. granulosa cells
        7. mature follicle or Graafian follicle
        8. ovulation
        9. corpus luteum
        10. corpus albicans
  4. Discuss the process of oogenesis in the ovaries.
    1. oogenesis
      1. oogonium (plural is oogonia)
      2. atresia
      3. primary oocytes
      4. primordial follicles
      5. primary follicles
      6. granulosa cells
      7. zona pellucida
      8. theca folliculi
      9. secondary follicle
      10. corona radiata
      11. mature (Graafian) follicle
      12. first polar body
      13. secondary oocyte
      14. ovulation
      15. ovum
      16. second polar body
      17. zygote
    2. uterine tubes or Fallopian tubes or oviducts
      1. infundibulum
      2. fimbriae
      3. ampulla
      4. isthmus
      5. uterus
      6. fundus
      7. body
      8. cervix
      9. uterine cavity
      10. cervical canal
      11. anteflexion
      12. histology
      13. perimetrium
      14. myometrium
      15. endometrium
      16. stratum functionalis
      17. stratum basalis
      18. uterine arteries
      19. spiral arterioles
      20. cervical mucus
      21. vagina
      22. fornix
      23. mucosa
      24. rugae
      25. muscularis
      26. hymen
      27. vaginal orifice
      28. vulva or pudendum
      29. mons pubis
      30. labia majora
      31. labia minora
      32. clitoris
      33. prepuce of the clitoris
      34. glans clitoris
      35. external urethral orifice
      36. greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands
      37. bulb of the vestibule
      38. perineum
    3. mammary glands
      1. breast
      2. nipple
      3. lactiferous ducts
      4. areola
      5. mammary gland
      6. lobules
      7. alveoli
      8. myoepithelial cells
      9. secondary tubules
      10. mammary ducts
      11. lactiferous sinuses
      12. lactation
  5. Compare the principal events of the ovarian and uterine cycles.
    1. female reproductive cycle
      1. ovarian cycle
      2. uterine cycle or menstrual cycle
      3. hormonal regulation
        1. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
        2. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
        3. luteinizing hormone (LH)
        4. estrogens
        5. progesterone
        6. relaxin
        7. inhibin
      4. phases of the female reproductive cycle
        1. menstrual phase or menstruation or menses
        2. events in the ovaries
        3. events in the uterus
        4. preovulatory phase
        5. events in the ovaries
        6. dominant follicle
        7. mature follicle or Graafian follicle
        8. follicular phase
        9. events in the uterus
        10. proliferative phase
        11. ovulation
        12. postovulatory phase
        13. events in one ovary
        14. luteal phase
        15. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
        16. events in the uterus
        17. secretory phase
  6. Explain the differences among the various types of birth control methods and compare their effectiveness.
    1. birth control methods
      1. abstinence
      2. vasectomy
      3. tubal ligation
      4. non-incisional sterilization
      5. oral contraceptives
      6. intrauterine device (IUD)
      7. spermicides
      8. condom
      9. diaphragm
      10. rhythm method
      11. abortion
    2. disorders
      1. testicular cancer
      2. prostate disorders
      3. erectile dysfunction (ED)
      4. premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
      5. endometriosis
      6. breast cancer
      7. ovarian cancer
      8. cervical cancer
      9. vulvovaginal candidiasis
      10. sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
      11. chlamydia
      12. gonorrhea
      13. syphilis
      14. genital herpes
      15. genital warts
    3. medical terminology
      1. endocervical curettage
      2. ovarian cyst
      3. pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
      4. smegma

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