Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 22
The Lymphatic System and Immunity

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

  1. list the components and major functions of the lymphatic system.
  2. describe the organization of lymphatic vessels.
  3. explain the formation and flow of lymph.
  4. compare the structures and functions of the primary and secondary lymphatic organs and tissues.
  5. describe the mechanisms of innate (nonspecific) resistance to disease.
  6. define immunity, and describe how T cells and B cells arise.
  7. explain the relationship between an antigen and an antibody.
  8. compare the functions of cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity.
  9. outline the steps in a cell mediated immune response.
  10. distinguish between the actions of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.
  11. define immunological surveillance.
  12. describe the steps in an antibody mediated immune response.
  13. list the actions of antibodies.
  14. distinguish between a primary response and a secondary response to infection.
  15. describe the significance of self recognition and self tolerance.
  16. describe the effects of stress on immunity.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

  1. List the components and major functions of the lymphatic system.
    1. resistance
      1. pathogens
      2. susceptibility
      3. innate (nonspecific) or innate immunity
      4. adaptive (specific) immunity
    2. lymphatic system
      1. lymph
      2. lymphatic tissue
      3. functions of the lymphatic system
  2. Describe the organization of lymphatic vessels.
    1. lymphatic vessels and lymph circulation
    2. lymphatic capillaries
    3. lacteals
    4. chyle
    5. lymphatic vessels
    6. lymph trunks and ducts
    7. thoracic duct or left lymphatic duct
    8. cisterna chyli
    9. left subclavian vein
    10. right lymphatic duct
  3. Explain the formation and flow of lymph.
    1. formation and flow of lymph
    2. skeletal muscle pump
    3. respiratory pump
  4. Compare the structures and functions of the primary and secondary lymphatic organs and tissues.
    1. primary lymphatic organs
    2. immunocompetent
    3. secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
    4. thymus:
      1. general
      2. Hassall’s corpuscles
    5. lymph nodes
      1. capsule
      2. trabeculae
      3. outer cortex
      4. lymphatic nodules (follicles)
      5. B cells (or B lymphocytes) and plasma cells
      6. inner cortex
      7. medulla
      8. afferent lymphatic vessels
      9. sinuses
      10. efferent lymphatic vessels
      11. hilum
    6. spleen
      1. white pulp
      2. red pulp
    7. lymphatic nodules (follicles)
      1. mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
      2. tonsils
      3. pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid
      4. palatine tonsils
      5. lingual tonsils
  5. Describe the mechanisms of innate (nonspecific) resistance to disease.
    1. nonspecific resistance: innate defenses
      1. first line of defense: skin and mucous membranes
        1. epidermis
        2. mucous membranes
        3. mucus
        4. hairs in nose
        5. cilia in upper respiratory tract
        6. lacrimal apparatus
        7. lysozyme
        8. saliva
        9. flow of urine
        10. vaginal secretions
        11. defecation and vomiting
        12. sebum
        13. perspiration
        14. gastric juice
      2. second line of defense: internal defenses
      3. antimicrobial proteins
        1. interferons (IFNs)
        2. complement system
        3. iron-binding proteins
        4. antimicrobial proteins
      4. natural killer (NK) cells
        1. perforin
        2. cytolysis
        3. phagocytes
        4. neutrophils
        5. macrophages
        6. wandering macrophages
        7. fixed macrophages
        8. phagocytosis
        9. chemotaxis
        10. adherence
        11. ingestion
        12. digestion
        13. killing
      5. inflammation
        1. redness, pain, heat and swelling
        2. loss of function
      6. vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeability
      7. histamine
      8. kinins
      9. prostaglandins
      10. leukotrienes
      11. complement
      12. emigration
      13. leukocytosis
      14. pus
      15. fever
  6. Define immunity, and describe how T cells and B cells arise.
    1. specific resistance: immunity
      1. antigens (Ags)
      2. maturation of T cells and B cells
      3. immunocompetence
      4. antigen receptor
      5. helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
  7. Explain the relationship between an antigen and an antibody.
    1. types of adaptive immunity
    2. cell mediated immunity
    3. antibody mediated immunity
    4. antibodies (Abs) or immunoglobulins (Igs)
    5. humors
    6. humoral immunity
    7. principle of clonal selection—general
  8. Compare the functions of cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity.
    1. antigens (Ags) and antigen receptors
    2. immunogenicity
    3. reactivity
    4. complete antigens
    5. epitopes
    6. hapten
    7. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens
    8. pathways of antigen processing
    9. antigen presenting cells (APCs)
    10. endogenous antigens
    11. cytokines
  9. Outline the steps in a cell mediated immune response.
    1. cell mediated immunity
      1. activation, proliferation and differentiation of T cells
      2. T cell receptors
      3. costimulation
      4. interleukin 2
      5. energy
  10. Distinguish between the actions of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.
    1. types of T cells
    2. helper T cells or CD4 T cells
    3. active helper T cells
    4. memory helper T cells
    5. cytotoxic T cells or CD8 T cells
    6. active cytotoxic T cells
    7. memory cytotoxic T cells
    8. elimination of invaders
    9. granzymes
    10. perforin
    11. granulysin
    12. lymphotoxin
  11. Define immunological surveillance.
    1. immunological surveillance
    2. tumor antigens
  12. Describe the steps in an antibody mediated immune response.
    1. antibody mediated immunity
      1. activation and clonal selection of B cells
      2. B cell receptors
      3. plasma cells
      4. memory B cells
  13. List the actions of antibodies.
    1. antibodies or immunoglobulins
    2. antibody structure
    3. classes of immunoglobulins - table
    4. antigen binding site
    5. antibody actions
      1. neutralization of antigen
      2. immobilization of bacteria
      3. agglutination and precipitation of antigen
      4. activation of complement
      5. enhancement of phagocytosis
    6. role of the complement system in immunity
    7. immunological memory
  14. Distinguish between a primary response and a secondary response to infection.
    1. primary response
    2. secondary response
  15. Describe the significance of self recognition and self tolerance.
    1. self recognition and self tolerance
  16. describe the effects of stress on immunity.
    1. stress and immunity
    2. disorders
      1. AIDS
      2. allergic reactions
      3. autoimmune diseases or autoimmunity
      4. infectious mononucleosis
      5. systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE or lupus

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

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