Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 9
Joints

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

1. define the term articulation (joint).
2. classify joints on the basis of structure and function.
3. describe the structure and functions of the three types of fibrous joints.
4. describe the structure and functions of the two types of cartilaginous joints.
5. describe the structure of synovial joints.
6. describe the structure and functions of bursae and tendon sheaths.
7. describe the types of movements that can occur at synovial joints.
8. describe the six types of synovial joints.
9. explain the anatomic and physiologic significance of the knee joint.
10. describe selected joint disorders.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

1. Define the term articulation (joint).
   1. articulation or arthrosis
2. Classify joints on the basis of structure and function.
   1. structural classification
      1. fibrous joints
      2. cartilaginous joints
      3. synovial joints
   2. functional classification
      1. synarthrosis
      2. amphiarthrosis
      3. diarthrosis
3. Describe the structure and functions of the three types of fibrous joints.
   1. fibrous joints
      1. suture
         1. synostosis
         2. frontal or metopic sututure
      2. syndesmosis
      3. gomphosis or dentoalveolar joint
      4. interosseous membrane
4. Describe the structure and functions of the two types of cartilaginous joints.
   1. cartilaginous joints
      1. synchondrosis
      2. symphysis
5. Describe the structure of synovial joints.
   1. synovial joints
      1. synovial (joint) cavity
      2. articular cartilage
      3. articular capsule
      4. fibrous membrane
      5. ligament
      6. synovial membrane
      7. articular fat pad
      8. synovial fluid
      9. accessory ligaments: extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments
      10. articular discs (menisci)
      11. labrum
      12. nerve and blood supply
6. Describe the structure and functions of bursae and tendon sheaths.
   1. bursa (plural is bursae)
   2. tendon (synovial) sheaths
7. Describe the types of movements that can occur at synovial joints.
   1. types of movements at synovial joints
      1. gliding
      2. angular
      3. flexion
      4. extension
         1. lateral flexion
      5. hyperextension
      6. abduction or radial deviation
      7. adduction or ulnar deviation
      8. circumduction
      9. rotation
         1. medial (or internal) rotation
         2. lateral (or external) rotation
      10. special
          1. elevation
          2. depression
          3. protraction
          4. retraction
          5. inversion
          6. eversion
          7. dorsiflexion
          8. plantar flexion
          9. supination
          10. pronation
          11. opposition
8. Describe the six types of synovial joints.
   1. types of synovial joints
      1. plane joint
      2. hinge joint
      3. pivot joint
      4. condyloid or ellipsoidal joint
      5. saddle joint
      6. ball and socket joint
9. Explain the anatomic and physiologic significance of the knee joint.
   1. knee joint (Exhibit 9E)
      1. medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints
      2. patellofemoral joint
      3. articular capsule
      4. patellar ligament
      5. tibial collateral ligament
      6. fibular collateral ligament
      7. anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
      8. posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
      9. medial meniscus
      10. lateral meniscus
10. Describe selected joint disorders.
    1. disorders
       1. rheumatism and arthritis
       2. osteoarthritis
       3. rheumatoid arthritis
       4. gouty arthritis
       5. Lyme disease

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

Use the “Practice Questions” and the various “Interactivity” tools found in each eText chapter in WileyPLUS. Working through these activities will test your understanding of the material presented and ensure your notes are complete.