Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 10
Muscular Tissue

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

  1. describe the structural differences among the three types of muscular tissue.
  2. describe the functions and properties of the three types of muscular tissue.
  3. describe the connective tissue components, blood vessels and nerves of skeletal muscles.
  4. describe the microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.
  5. describe the characteristics of thick filaments and thin filaments.
  6. describe the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.
  7. describe the events that occur at a neuromuscular junction.
  8. identify the sources of the ATP used during muscle contraction.
  9. distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration.
  10. describe the factors that contribute to muscle fatigue.
  11. describe the structure, function, and recruitment of a motor unit, and the phases of twitch contraction.
  12. describe how frequency of stimulation affects muscle tension, and how muscle tone is produced.
  13. distinguish between isotonic and isometric contractions.
  14. describe the structure and functions of the three different types of skeletal muscle fibers.
  15. describe the major structural and functional characteristics of cardiac and smooth muscle tissue.
  16. Describe some muscular disorders.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

  1. Describe the structural differences among the three types of muscular tissue.
    1. skeletal muscle tissue
      1. striated
      2. voluntary
    2. cardiac muscle tissue
      1. striated
      2. involuntary
      3. autorhythmicity
    3. smooth muscle tissue
      1. nonstriated
      2. involuntary
  2. Describe the functions and properties of the three types of muscular tissue.
    1. functions of muscular tissue
      1. producing body movements
      2. stabilizing body positions
      3. storing and moving substances within the body
      4. generating heat
        1. shivering
    2. properties of muscular tissue
      1. electrical excitability
      2. contractility
      3. extensibility
      4. elasticity
  3. Describe the connective tissue components, blood vessels and nerves of skeletal muscles.
    1. skeletal muscle tissue
      1. muscle cell (fiber)
      2. connective tissue components
      3. subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
      4. fascia
      5. epimysium
      6. perimysium
      7. fascicles
      8. endomysium
      9. tendon
      10. aponeurosis
      11. nerve and blood supply
      12. somatic motor neuron
  4. Describe the microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.
    1. microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle fiber
      1. sarcolemma
      2. transverse (T) tubules
      3. sarcoplasm
      4. myoglobin
      5. myofibrils
      6. sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
        1. terminal cisterns
        2. triad
      7. muscular hypertrophy
      8. fibrosis
      9. muscular atrophy
  5. Describe the characteristics of thick filaments and thin filaments.
    1. filaments (myofilaments)
      1. thin filament
      2. thick filament
      3. sarcomere
      4. Z disc
      5. A band
      6. I band
      7. H zone
      8. M line
    2. contractile proteins
      1. myosin—motor protein for all three types of muscles
      2. myosin tail
      3. myosin heads
      4. actin
      5. myosin-binding site
    3. regulatory proteins
      1. tropomyosin
      2. troponin
    4. structural protein
      1. titin
  6. Describe the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.
    1. sliding filament mechanism
      1. contraction cycle—all four steps
      2. excitation contraction coupling
        1. Ca2+ release channels
        2. Ca2+ active transport pump
      3. length tension relationship
  7. Describe the events that occur at a neuromuscular junction.
    1. neuromuscular junction
      1. somatic motor neuron
      2. synapse
      3. synaptic cleft
      4. neurotransmitter
      5. axon terminal
      6. synaptic end bulb
      7. synaptic vesicle
      8. acetylcholine or ACh
      9. motor end plate
      10. ACh receptor
      11. junctional folds
      12. muscle action potential—steps
        1. acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
  8. Identify the sources of the ATP used during muscle contraction.
    1. muscle metabolism
      1. production of ATP in muscle fibers
      2. creatine phosphate
  9. Distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration.
    1. anaerobic glycolysis
    2. aerobic respiration
  10. describe the factors that contribute to muscle fatigue.
    1. muscle fatigue
      1. central fatigue
    2. oxygen debt
    3. recovery oxygen uptake
  11. Describe the structure, function, and recruitment of a motor unit, and the phases of twitch contraction.
    1. control of muscle tension
      1. motor unit
      2. twitch contraction
        1. latent period
        2. contraction period
        3. relaxation period
        4. refractory period
  12. Describe how frequency of stimulation affects muscle tension, and how muscle tone is produced.
    1. frequency of stimulation
      1. wave summation
      2. unfused (incomplete) tetanus
      3. fused (complete) tetanus
      4. motor unit recruitment
      5. muscle tone
        1. flaccidity
  13. Distinguish between isotonic and isometric contractions.
    1. isotonic contraction
    2. concentric isotonic contraction
    3. eccentric isotonic contraction
    4. isometric contraction
  14. Describe the structure and functions of the three different types of skeletal muscle fibers.
    1. types of skeletal muscle fibers
      1. slow oxidative (SO) fiber
      2. fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fiber
      3. fast glycolytic (FG) fiber
      4. distribution and recruitment of different types of fiber
  15. Describe the major structural and functional characteristics of cardiac and smooth muscle tissue.
    1. cardiac muscle tissue
      1. intercalated disc
      2. desmosomes
      3. gap junctions
    2. smooth muscle tissue
      1. visceral (single unit) smooth muscle tissue
      2. multiunit smooth muscle tissue
      3. microscopic anatomy of smooth muscle
        1. thick, thin, and intermediate filaments
        2. caveolae
        3. dense bodies
      4. physiology of smooth muscle
        1. calmodulin
        2. smooth muscle tone
        3. stress relaxation response
      5. regeneration of muscle tissue
        1. hypertrophy
        2. hyperplasia

    Note: Learn the summary of the major features of the types of muscular tissues (Table 10.5).

  16. Describe some muscular disorders.
    1. disorders
      1. myasthenia gravis
      2. muscular dystrophy
      3. abnormal contractions of skeletal muscle
        1. spasm
        2. cramp
        3. tic
        4. tremor
        5. fasciculation
        6. fibrillation

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

Use the “Practice Questions” and the various “Interactivity” tools found in each eText chapter in WileyPLUS. Working through these activities will test your understanding of the material presented and ensure your notes are complete.