Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 7
The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

  1. distinguish between the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton.
  2. classify bones on the basis of shape and location.
  3. describe the major surface markings on bones and the brief functions of each (no examples).
  4. identify the names, locations and the listed surface markings of the bones of the skull.
  5. identify the principal sutures, sinuses, and fontanels of the skull, as well as the hyoid bone.
  6. identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the vertebral column.
  7. identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the thorax.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

  1. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton.
    1. axial skeleton
    2. appendicular skeleton
  2. Classify bones on the basis of shape and location.
    1. types of bones
      1. long bone
        1. compact bone tissue
        2. spongy bone tissue
      2. short bone
      3. flat bone
      4. irregular bone
      5. sesamoid bone
      6. sutural bone
  3. Describe the major surface markings on bones and the brief functions of each (no examples).
    1. bone surface markings, Table 7.2: fissure, foramen, fossa, sulcus, meatus, condyle, facet, head, crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity.
  4. Identify the names, locations and the listed surface markings of the bones of the skull.
    1. skull (details in the Exhibits)
      1. cranial bones
        1. frontal bone
          1. supraorbital margin, foramina, notch, frontal sinuses
        2. parietal bones (2)
        3. temporal bones (2)
          1. zygomatic, mastoid, and styloid processes
          2. mandibular fosa,
          3. zygomatic arch
          4. external auditory meatus
          5. internal auditory meatus
        4. occipital bone
          1. foramen magnum
          2. occipital condyles
          3. external occipital protuberance
        5. sphenoid bone
          1. sella turcica
          2. optic foramen
        6. ethmoid bone
        7. superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates; singular is concha)
      2. facial bones (details in the Exhibits)
        1. nasal bones (2)
        2. lacrimal bones (2)
          1. lacrimal fossa
        3. palatine bones (2)
        4. inferior nasal conchae or turbinates (2)
        5. vomer
        6. maxillae (2; singular is maxilla)
          1. maxillary sinus
          2. infraorbital foramen
        7. zygomatic bones (2)
        8. mandible
          1. body
          2. rami (2; singular is ramus)
          3. angles (2)
          4. condylar processes (2)
          5. coronoid processes (2)
          6. temporomandibular joints (2)
          7. alveolar process
      3. nasal septum
      4. orbits or orbital cavities
  5. Identify the principal sutures, sinuses, and fontanels of the skull, as well as the hyoid bone.
    1. suture
      1. coronal suture
      2. sagittal suture
      3. lambdoid suture
      4. squamous sutures (2)
    2. sinus
      1. paranasal sinuses
    3. fontanels
    4. hyoid bone
      1. body
      2. lesser horns
      3. greater horns
  6. Identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the vertebral column.
    1. vertebral column or spine, backbone, or spinal column
      1. vertebra (plural is vertebrae)
      2. normal curves
        1. cervical and lumbar
        2. thoracic and sacral
      3. intervertebral disc
        1. nucleus pulposus
      4. parts of a typical vertebra
        1. vertebral body
        2. vertebral arch
        3. vertebral foramen
        4. vertebral (spinal) canal
        5. intervertebral foramen
        6. transverse processes
        7. spinous process
        8. superior articular processes
        9. inferior articular processes
      5. regions of the vertebral column (details in the Exhibits)
        1. cervical vertebrae (7; C1-C7)
        2. atlas (C1)
        3. axis (C2)
        4. dens or odontoid process
      6. thoracic vertebrae (12; T1-T12)
        1. vertebrocostal joint
      7. lumbar vertebrae (5; L1-L5)
      8. sacrum
        1. anterior sacral foramina
        2. median sacral crest
        3. posterior sacral foramina
        4. sacral canal (sacral hiatus)
        5. sacral promontory
        6. sacroiliac joint
        7. lumbosacral joint
      9. coccyx
  7. Identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the thorax.
    1. thorax, thoracic cage (details in the Exhibits)
      1. sternum or breastbone
        1. manubrium
        2. body
        3. xiphoid process
        4. sternal angle
        5. suprasternal notch
        6. clavicular notches
      2. ribs (12 pairs)
        1. costal cartilage
        2. true ribs (1–7)
        3. false ribs (8–12)
        4. floating ribs (11–12)
        5. head
        6. articular facets
        7. tubercle
        8. body
        9. costal angle
        10. costal groove
      3. disorders
        1. herniated disc or slipped disc
        2. abnormal curves of the vertebral column
        3. spina bifida

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

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