Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 16
Sensory, Motor and Integrative Systems

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

  1. define the term sensation, and distinguish between the general senses and the special senses.
  2. describe the classification of receptors.
  3. describe the location and function of the receptors for tactile sensations, thermal sensations and pain.
  4. identify the proprioceptive receptors, and describe their functions.
  5. describe the major characteristics of the somatic sensory pathways and somatic motor pathways.
  6. compare the locations and functions of the direct and indirect motor pathways.
  7. explain how the basal ganglia and cerebellum contribute to movement.
  8. compare the integrative cerebral functions of wakefulness and sleep, learning and memory.
  9. describe the stages of sleep.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

  1. Define the term sensation, and distinguish between the general senses and the special senses.
    1. sensation
    2. perception
    3. sensory modality
      1. general senses
      2. somatic senses
      3. visceral senses
      4. special senses
    4. process of sensation
      1. stimulus
      2. selectivity
  2. Describe the classification of receptors.
    1. types of sensory receptors
      1. based on microscopic features:
        1. free nerve endings
        2. encapsulated nerve endings
        3. separate cells
        4. generator potential
        5. receptor potential
      2. based on location and activating stimuli:
        1. exteroceptors
        2. interoceptors
        3. proprioceptors
      3. based on type of stimulus detected:
        1. mechanoreceptors
        2. thermoreceptors
        3. nociceptors
        4. photoreceptors
        5. chemoreceptors
        6. osmoreceptors
    2. adaptation in sensory receptors
      1. rapidly adapting receptor or phasic receptor
      2. slowly adapting receptor or tonic receptor
  3. Describe the location and function of the receptors for tactile sensations, thermal sensations and pain.
    1. somatic sensations
    2. cutaneous sensations
    3. tactile sensations
    4. touch
      1. corpuscle of touch or Meissner corpuscle
      2. hair root plexus
      3. type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor or Merkel disc
      4. type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor or Ruffini corpuscle
    5. pressure
      1. lamellated or Pacinian corpuscle
    6. vibration
    7. itch and tickle
      1. phantom limb sensation
    8. thermal sensations
      1. thermoreceptor
      2. cold receptor
      3. warm receptor
    9. pain
      1. nociceptor
      2. types of pain
        1. fast pain
        2. slow pain
        3. superficial somatic pain
        4. deep somatic pain
        5. visceral pain
      3. localization of pain
        1. referred pain
  4. Identify the proprioceptive receptors, and describe their functions.
    1. proprioceptive sensations
      1. kinesthesia
      2. proprioceptor
      3. muscle spindle
      4. muscle tone
      5. intrafusal muscle fibers
      6. gamma motor neurons
      7. extrafusal muscle fibers
      8. alpha motor neurons
      9. tendon organ
      10. joint kinesthetic receptor
  5. Describe the major characteristics of the somatic sensory pathways and somatic motor pathways.
    1. somatic sensory pathways
      1. sets of three neurons:
        1. first order neurons
        2. second order neurons
        3. third order neurons
        4. relay stations
      2. posterior column—medial lemniscus pathway to the cortex
      3. anterolateral or spinothalamic pathways to the cortex
      4. trigeminothalamic pathway and tract
      5. mapping of the somatosensory area (located in the postcentral gyrus)
      6. somatic sensory pathways to the cerebellum
    2. somatic motor pathways
      1. lower motor neuron (LMN)
      2. local circuit neurons
      3. upper motor neuron (UMN)
      4. primary motor area (located in the precentral gyrus)
  6. Compare the locations and functions of the direct and indirect motor pathways.
    1. final common pathway
    2. direct motor pathways or pyramidal pathways
    3. indirect motor pathways or extrapyramidal pathways
  7. Explain how the basal ganglia and cerebellum contribute to movement.
    1. roles of the basal ganglia
    2. roles of the cerebellum
  8. Compare the integrative cerebral functions of wakefulness and sleep, and learning and memory.
    1. integrative functions of the cerebrum
      1. wakefulness and sleep
        1. circadian rhythm
      2. reticular activating system (RAS)
        1. arousal
        2. consciousness
      3. learning and memory
      4. plasticity
      5. immediate memory
      6. short term memory
      7. long term memory
      8. memory consolidation
      9. long term potentiation
  9. Describe the stages of sleep.
    1. Sleep
      1. NREM sleep
      2. REM sleep
      3. narcolepsy
    2. disorders
      1. Parkinson disease
    3. medical terminology
      1. cerebral palsy (CP)
      2. coma
      3. pain threshold

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

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