Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 8
The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

1. identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdles.
2. identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the upper limbs.
3. identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the pelvic (hip) girdle.
4. identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the lower limbs.
5. compare the principal structural differences between female and male skeletons, especially those that pertain to the pelvis.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

1. Identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdles.
   1. pectoral girdles or shoulder girdles (2; details in the Exhibits)
      1. clavicle or collarbone
         1. sternal end
         2. acromial end
      2. scapula or shoulder blade
         1. spine
         2. acromion
         3. glenoid cavity
         4. superior, lateral (axillary) and medial (vertebral) borders
         5. superior and inferior angles
         6. scapular notch
         7. coracoid process
         8. supraspinous fossa
         9. infraspinous fossa
         10. subscapular fossa
2. Identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the upper limbs.
   1. upper limbs or upper extremities (2; details in the Exhibits)
      1. humerus
         1. head
         2. glenohumeral joint
         3. anatomical neck
         4. greater tubercle
         5. lesser tubercle
         6. intertubercular sulcus
         7. surgical neck
         8. body or shaft
         9. deltoid tuberosity
         10. capitulum
         11. radial fossa
         12. trochlea
         13. coronoid fossa
         14. olecranon fossa
         15. medial epicondyle
         16. lateral epicondyle
      2. ulna
         1. olecranon
         2. coronoid process
         3. trochlear notch
         4. ulnar tuberosity
         5. head
         6. styloid process
      3. radius
         1. head
         2. radial tuberosity
         3. styloid process
         4. radiocarpal joint or wrist joint

      4. carpal bones

         Note: You are expected to learn the names of the carpals and major features, but not their precise positions.

         1. scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
      5. metacarpal bones (in the anatomical position, the first metacarpal is the lateral bone)
         1. base, shaft, head
      6. phalanges
         1. proximal, middle (except in thumb) and distal phalanges
         2. pollex
3. Identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the pelvic (hip) girdle.
   1. pelvic girdle or hip girdle (details in the Exhibits)
      1. coxal bone or hip bone (or os coxa)
         1. pubic symphysis
         2. sacroiliac joint
         3. bony pelvis (plural is pelves or pelvices)
      2. ilium
         1. acetabulum
         2. iliac crest
         3. anterior superior iliac spine
         4. anterior inferior iliac spine
         5. posterior superior iliac spine
         6. posterior inferior iliac spine
         7. greater sciatic notch
         8. iliac fossa
         9. iliac tuberosity
      3. ischium
         1. ischial spine
         2. lesser sciatic notch
         3. ischial tuberosity
         4. obturator foramen
      4. pubis
         1. pubic crest
         2. pectineal line
         3. pubic symphysis
         4. pubic arch
      5. hip or coxal joint
         1. pelvic brim
         2. false (greater) pelvis
         3. true (lesser) pelvis
         4. pelvic inlet
         5. pelvic outlet
         6. pelvic axes
4. Compare the principal structural differences between female and male skeletons, especially those that pertain to the pelvis.
   1. comparison of female and male pelves
5. Identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the lower limbs.
   1. lower limbs or lower extremities (2); details in the Exhibits
      1. femur or thighbone
         1. body or shaft
         2. head
         3. neck
         4. greater trochanter
         5. lesser trochanter
         6. gluteal tuberosity
         7. linea aspera
         8. medial condyle
         9. lateral condyle
         10. medial epicondyle
         11. lateral epicondyle
         12. patellar surface
      2. patella
      3. tibia or shin bone
         1. lateral condyle
         2. medial condyle
         3. tibiofemoral (knee) joints
         4. tibial tuberosity
         5. medial malleolus
      4. fibula
         1. head
         2. lateral malleolus
      5. tarsal bones

         Note: You are expected to learn the names and major features of all the tarsals, but only need to know the location of the talus.

         1. talus
         2. calcaneus
         3. cuboid
         4. navicular
         5. cuneiform bones
         6. 1st (medial), 2nd (intermediate) and 3rd (lateral) cuneiforms
      6. metatarsal bones

         Note: The 1st metatarsal is the medial bone.

      7. phalanges
      8. hallux
      9. medial and lateral longitudinal arches
      10. transverse arch

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

Use the “Practice Questions” and the various “Interactivity” tools found in each eText chapter in WileyPLUS. Working through these activities will test your understanding of the material presented and ensure your notes are complete.