Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 19
The Cardiovascular System: The Blood

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

  1. describe the functions of blood.
  2. describe the physical characteristics and principal components of blood.
  3. list the major components of plasma and explain their importance.
  4. explain the origin of blood cells.
  5. describe the structure, functions, life cycle and production of red blood cells.
  6. describe the structure, functions and production of white blood cells.
  7. describe the structure, function and origin of platelets.
  8. describe the three mechanisms that contribute to hemostasis.
  9. identify the stages of blood clotting, and explain the various factors that promote and inhibit blood clotting.
  10. explain the ABO and Rh blood groups.
  11. explain why it is essential to match donor and recipient blood types before administering a transfusion.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

  1. Describe the functions of blood.
    1. blood
    2. interstitial fluid
    3. functions of blood
  2. Describe the physical characteristics and principal components of blood.
    1. physical characteristics of blood
  3. List the major components of plasma and explain their importance.
    1. components of blood
      1. buffy coat
      2. plasma
        1. plasma proteins
        2. albumins
        3. globulins
        4. fibrinogen
        5. antibodies or immunoglobulins
      3. formed elements
        1. red blood cells (RBCs)
        2. white blood cells (WBCs)
        3. platelets
      4. hematocrit
      5. polycythemia
  4. Explain the origin of blood cells.
    1. formation of blood cells
      1. hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis
      2. red bone marrow
      3. pluripotent stem cells
      4. progenitor cells
      5. precursor cells or blasts
      6. hemopoietic growth factors
      7. erythropoietin or EPO
      8. thrombopoietin or TPO
      9. cytokines
      10. colony stimulating factors (CSFs)
      11. interleukins
  5. Describe the structure, functions, life cycle and production of red blood cells.
    1. red blood cells or erythrocytes
      1. hemoglobin
      2. RBC anatomy
      3. RBC physiology
        1. globin
        2. heme
        3. nitric oxide (NO)
      4. RBC life cycle
        1. transferrin
        2. ferritin
        3. bilirubin
      5. erythropoiesis
      6. reticulocyte
      7. hypoxia
  6. Describe the structure, functions and production of white blood cells.
    1. white blood cells or leukocytes
      1. granular leukocytes
        1. eosinophil
        2. basophil
        3. neutrophil
      2. agranular leukocytes
        1. lymphocyte
        2. monocyte
        3. macrophage
        4. fixed macrophage
        5. wandering macrophage
        6. major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens
      3. WBC physiology
        1. leukocytosis
        2. leukopenia
        3. emigration (diapedesis)
        4. phagocytosis
        5. chemotaxis
        6. lysozyme
        7. differential white blood cell count
  7. Describe the structure, function and origin of platelets.
    1. platelets or thrombocytes
      1. platelets
      2. megakaryoblast
      3. fixed macrophages
      4. complete blood count
  8. Describe the three mechanisms that contribute to hemostasis.
    1. hemostasis
      1. hemorrhage
      2. vascular spasm
      3. platelet plug formation
        1. platelet adhesion
        2. platelet release reaction
        3. platelet aggregation
        4. platelet plug
      4. blood clotting (or coagulation)
        1. serum
  9. Identify the stages of blood clotting, and explain the various factors that promote and inhibit blood clotting.
    1. clot
    2. thrombosis
    3. clotting (coagulation) factors
    4. stages of clotting (coagulation)
    5. extrinsic pathway
      1. tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin
    6. intrinsic pathway
    7. common pathway
    8. clot retraction
    9. role of vitamin K in clotting
    10. hemostatic control mechanism
      1. fibrinolytic system
      2. fibrinolysis
      3. plasminogen
      4. plasmin or fibrinolysin
      5. anticoagulants
      6. antithrombin
      7. heparin
      8. activated protein C
    11. intravascular clotting
      1. thrombosis
      2. thrombus
      3. embolus
      4. pulmonary embolism
  10. Explain the ABO and Rh blood groups.
    1. blood groups and blood types
      1. antigens—agglutinogens
      2. ABO blood group
      3. type A, B, AB and O
      4. antibodies—agglutinins
        1. anti A antibody
        2. anti B antibody
      5. transfusions
      6. agglutination
      7. hemolysis
      8. universal recipients
      9. universal donors
      10. Rh blood group and Rh factor
      11. hemolytic disease of the newborn
  11. Explain why it is essential to match donor and recipient blood types before administering a transfusion.
    1. typing and cross matching blood for transfusion
    2. agglutination
    3. cross matching and screening
    4. disorders
      1. anemia
      2. sickle cell disease
      3. hemophilia
      4. leukemia
    5. medical terminology
      1. cyanosis
      2. jaundice
      3. septicemia

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

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