Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 3
The Cellular Level of Organization

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

  1. define the term cell, and list the three major components of a cell.
  2. explain the structure and functions of the plasma membrane.
  3. explain selective permeability, the electrochemical gradient, and the various passive and active processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane.
  4. describe the structure and functions of cytoplasm and of the organelles listed below:
    1. cytoskeleton
    2. centrosome
    3. cilia and flagella
    4. ribosomes
    5. endoplasmic reticulum
    6. Golgi complex
    7. lysosomes
    8. peroxisomes
    9. proteasomes
    10. mitochondria.
  5. describe the structure and function of the nucleus.
  6. describe the sequence of events that occurs in protein synthesis.;
  7. discuss the stages, events and significance of somatic and reproductive cell division.
  8. describe how cells differ in size and shape, and homeostatic imbalances.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

  1. Define the term cell, and list the three major components of a cell.
    1. cell
    2. cell division
    3. cell biology—cytology
    4. plasma membrane
      1. internal environment
      2. external environment
    5. cytoplasm
      1. cytosol—intracellular fluid
      2. organelles
      3. nucleus
        1. chromosomes
        2. genes
  2. Explain the structure and functions of the plasma membrane.
    1. plasma membrane
      1. fluid mosaic model
      2. lipid bilayer
      3. phospholipid
      4. cholesterol
      5. glycolipid
      6. amphipathic
        1. hydrophilic
        2. hydrophobic
      7. membrane proteins
        1. integral protein
        2. transmembrane protein
        3. peripheral protein
        4. glycoprotein
          1. glycocalyx
      8. functions of membrane proteins
        1. ion channel
        2. carriers
        3. receptors
        4. ligand
        5. enzymes
        6. linkers
        7. cell-identity markers
      9. membrane permeability
      10. selective permeability
      11. concentration gradient
      12. electrical gradient
      13. membrane potential
      14. electrochemical gradient
  3. Explain selective permeability and describe the electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane.
    1. transport across the plasma membrane
      1. passive processes
      2. active processes
        1. vesicles
      3. diffusion
      4. solutes and solvents
      5. factors that influence diffusion rate
      6. simple diffusion
      7. facilitated diffusion
        1. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
          1. oion channels
          2. ogated channels
        2. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
          1. otransport maximum
          2. osaturation
      8. osmosis and details on the process
        1. aquaporins
      9. hydrostatic pressure
      10. osmotic pressure
        1. tonicity
        2. isotonic solution
        3. hypotonic solution
        4. hemolysis
        5. lysis
        6. hypertonic solution
        7. crenation
      11. active transport
        1. primary active transport
        2. pumps
        3. Na+/K+ pump or Na+/K+ ATPase
      12. secondary active transport
        1. symporters and antiporters
      13. transport in vesicles
        1. vesicles
        2. exocytosis
        3. endocytosis
        4. receptor mediated endocytosis; six steps
      14. phagocytosis
        1. phagocyte
        2. pseudopod
        3. phagosome
        4. residual body
      15. pinocytosis (or bulk phase endocytosis)
      16. exocytosis
      17. transcytosis
  4. Describe the structure and functions of cytoplasm, its cytosol, and the organelles listed below.
    1. cytosol (intracellular fluid)
    2. cytoskeleton
      1. microfilament
      2. microvillus (plural is microvilli)
      3. intermediate filament
      4. microtubule
    3. organelles
    4. centrosome
    5. centriole; pericentriolar material; tubulin
    6. cilium (plural is cilia)
    7. flagellum (plural is flagella)
    8. ribosome
    9. endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
      1. rough ER
      2. smooth ER
    10. Golgi complex; cisternae; secretory vesicles; membrane vesicles
    11. lysosome
    12. peroxisome (microbodies); oxidases, catalase
    13. proteasome; proteases
    14. mitochondrion (mitochondria); membranes; cristae; matrix; apoptosis
  5. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus.
    1. nucleus
      1. nuclear envelope
      2. nuclear pore
      3. nucleolus (nucleoli)
      4. gene
      5. chromatin
      6. genome
      7. nucleosome
      8. chromatids
  6. Describe the sequence of events that occurs in protein synthesis.
    1. protein synthesis
    2. proteome
    3. gene expression
      1. transcription—steps description and understanding of the process
      2. translation—steps description and understanding of the process
  7. Discuss the stages, events and significance of somatic and reproductive cell division.
    1. cell division
    2. germ cell
      1. somatic cell division
      2. mitosis
      3. cytokinesis
      4. reproductive cell division
      5. meiosis
    3. cell cycle in somatic cells
      1. homologous chromosomes
      2. sex chromosomes, X and Y
      3. diploid cell (2n)
        1. interphase
        2. G1 phase
        3. G0 state
        4. S phase
        5. G2 phase
        6. mitotic (M) phase
      4. nuclear division: mitosis
        1. prophase
        2. metaphase
        3. anaphase
        4. telophase
      5. cytoplasmic division: cytokinesis; cleavage furrow
    4. reproductive cell division
      1. meiosis
      2. haploid cell (n)
      3. meiosis I
      4. synapsis
      5. crossing-over
      6. meiosis II
  8. Describe how cells differ in size and shape, and homeostatic imbalances.
    1. cellular diversity
    2. disorders
      1. cancer—general information

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

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