Biology 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Study Guide

Chapter 4
The Tissue Level of Organization

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to

  1. define the term tissue, and classify the tissues of the body into four major types.
  2. describe the structure and functions of the five principal types of cell junctions.
  3. describe the general features of epithelial tissue.
  4. outline the classification of epithelial tissue and describe the structure, location and function of each of the types of epithelium listed below:
    1. simple squamous epithelium
    2. simple cuboidal epithelium
    3. simple columnar epithelium
    4. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    5. stratified squamous epithelium
    6. stratified cuboidal epithelium
    7. stratified columnar epithelium
    8. transitional epithelium.
  5. define the term gland, and distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands.
  6. describe the general components of connective tissue: cells, ground substance and fibers.
  7. describe the structure, function and location of each of the types of connective tissue.
  8. define the term membrane, and describe the location and functions of the membranes listed below:
    1. mucous membrane or mucosa
    2. serous membrane or serosa
    3. cutaneous membrane or skin
    4. synovial membranes.
  9. compare the structure, location and modes of control of the three types of muscular tissue.
  10. describe the structural features and functions of nervous tissue.
  11. describe generally, and give examples of, homeostatic imbalances in tissues.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

  1. Define the term tissue, and classify the tissues of the body into four major types.
    1. tissue
    2. histology
      1. epithelial tissue
      2. connective tissue
      3. muscular tissue
      4. nervous tissue
  2. Describe the structure and functions of the five principal types of cell junctions.
    1. cell junction
      1. tight junction
      2. adherens junction
      3. desmosome
      4. hemidesmosome
      5. gap junction
  3. Describe the general features of epithelial tissue.
    1. epithelial tissue or epithelium
      1. surfaces: apical, lateral, basal
    2. basement membrane—details
    3. covering and lining epithelium
    4. glandular epithelium
  4. Outline the classification of epithelial tissue and describe the structure, location and function of each of the types of epithelium listed below.
    1. simple squamous epithelium
    2. simple cuboidal epithelium
    3. simple columnar epithelium
    4. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    5. stratified squamous epithelium
    6. stratified cuboidal epithelium
    7. stratified columnar epithelium
    8. transitional epithelium
    9. arrangements of cells in layers
      1. simple epithelium; secretion, absorption
      2. pseudostratified epithelium
      3. stratified epithelium
    10. cell shapes
      1. squamous cells
      2. cuboidal cells
      3. columnar cells
      4. transitional cells
    11. covering and lining epithelium, Table 4.1—brief description, location and functions
      1. simple squamous epithelium
      2. simple cuboidal epithelium
      3. nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
      4. ciliated simple columnar epithelium
      5. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
      6. stratified squamous epithelium
      7. stratified cuboidal epithelium
      8. stratified columnar epithelium
      9. transitional epithelium
  5. Define the term gland, and distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands.
    1. glandular epithelium
    2. gland
      1. endocrine gland
      2. exocrine gland
        1. structural classification of exocrine glands: unicellular, multicellular, simple, compound, acinar, tubuloacinar
        2. functional classification
          1. merocrine gland
          2. apocrine gland
          3. holocrine gland
  6. Describe the general components of connective tissue: cells, ground substance and fibers.
    1. connective tissue
      1. extracellular matrix
      2. connective tissue cells
        1. fibroblast
        2. macrophage
        3. plasma cell
        4. mast cell
        5. adipocyte
        6. leucocytes (white blood cell)
      3. connective tissue extracellular matrix
      4. ground substance
      5. fibers
        1. collagen fiber
        2. elastic fiber; elasticity
        3. reticular fiber; stroma
  7. Describe the structure, function and location of each of the types of connective tissue.
    1. embryonic connective tissues
      1. mesenchyme
      2. mucous connective tissue
    2. mature connective tissues: brief descriptions, locations and functions
      1. loose connective tissue
        1. areolar connective tissue
        2. adipose tissue
        3. adipocytes
        4. reticular connective tissue
      2. dense connective tissue
        1. dense regular connective tissue
        2. dense irregular connective tissue
        3. elastic connective tissue
      3. cartilage
        1. resilience
      4. chondrocyte
      5. lacunae
      6. perichondrium
        1. hyaline cartilage
        2. fibrocartilage
        3. elastic cartilage
      7. repair and growth of cartilage
        1. interstitial growth
        2. appositional growth
      8. bone tissue or osseous tissue
      9. osteon or haversian system
      10. lamellae
      11. lacunae
        1. osteocyte
      12. canaliculi
      13. central canal (haversian canal)
      14. spongy bone
        1. trabeculae
      15. blood tissue
      16. plasma
      17. red blood cell
      18. white blood cell
      19. platelet
      20. lymph
  8. Define the term membrane, and describe the location and functions of the membranes listed below.
    1. membrane
      1. epithelial membrane
      2. mucous membrane or mucosa
        1. lamina propria
      3. serous membrane or serosa
        1. parietal and visceral layers
        2. pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
      4. cutaneous membrane or skin
        1. epidermis
      5. synovial membrane
        1. synovial fluid
  9. Compare the structure, location and modes of control of the three types of muscular tissue.
    1. muscular tissue: description, location, functions—Table 4.9
      1. skeletal muscle tissue
      2. cardiac muscle tissue
        1. intercalated disc
      3. smooth muscle tissue
  10. Describe the structural features and functions of nervous tissue.
    1. nervous tissue
      1. neuron
      2. nerve action potentials
      3. cell body
      4. dendrites
      5. axon
      6. neuroglia
      7. excitable cells and electrical excitability
        1. neurotransmitter
  11. Describe generally, and give examples of, homeostatic imbalances in tissues.
    1. disorders
      1. systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE or lupus

Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter.

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